Trade-offs in a Bigger Pie: How the Relationships Between Digital Civic Infrastructure and Political Participation Vary Across Rural and Urban Communities – The Case of Michigan

Drawing on a Michigan survey combined with public data, this study finds that the relationship between digital civic infrastructure and voter turnout varies across geographic divisions, with opposite patterns in rural versus urban areas.

July 2025 · Taewoo Kang, Ava Francesca Battocchio, Kjerstin Thorson, Chuqing Dong, Pooja Sharma